The energy required to produce materials : constraints on energy - intensity improvements , parameters of demand Timothy

Electronic supplementary material is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0003 or via http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org. The energy required to produce materials: constraints on energy-intensity improvements, parameters of demand Timothy G. Gutowski1, Sahil Sahni2, Julian M. Allwood3, Michael F. Ashby3 and Ernst Worrell4 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, and 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA 3Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK 4Department of Environmental and Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands